When we think of artificial intelligence, many of us jump to visions of the future from science fiction—hellscapes like The Matrix, Black Mirror, and The Terminator. But that isn’t necessarily the way things will turn out. Two leading experts in the technology think there’s more cause for optimism than pessimism, even though there will be speed bumps along the way.
Kai-Fu Lee is the former head of Microsoft Research in Asia, and Google in China. He’s now the chairman and CEO of Sinovation Ventures, a venture capital firm with nearly $3 billion in assets; roughly 70 percent of its investments are AI-related. Lee is also the author of the 2018 book AI Super-Powers and the 2021 book AI 2041: Ten Visions for Our Future, which he coauthored with science fiction writer Stanley Chan (Chen Qiufan).
Yoky Matsuoka is a cofounder of Google X, former CTO of Google Nest, and a former executive at Apple, Twitter, and elsewhere. She’s now the founder and CEO of Yohana, an AI-enhanced personal assistant service that she describes as a wellness company aimed at families to help prioritize well-being and being present. Lee and Matsuoka talked with WIRED global editorial director Gideon Lichfield at the RE:WIRED conference.
Lee thinks AI can be a big help to health care, though he also sees potential stumbling blocks. Consider an AI program that helps 5 percent of patients, but hurts 3 percent. AI practitioners will likely see that as a good thing, because it helps more people than it hurts. But doctors will view it differently, because 3 percent of people might not have been misdiagnosed by human doctors. So, the two worlds will need to learn to work together. He doesn’t see that as a downside, necessarily, but as a point of friction that will need to be overcome.
People think of AI as a black box, Lee says, where the computer makes a decision based on thousands of calculations and we don’t know what they are or why it arrived at its conclusions. It’s really hard for us to trust something like that. Lee favors creating an AI that can explain, in human terms, perhaps the top three calculations it made. “As a society I think we need to move away from, ‘Explain the complex black box perfectly otherwise we won’t use you!’” Lee muses. Instead, he suggests asking AI to “explain yourself reasonably and understandably to a level and degree that is no worse than a human making an explanation of how he or she made a decision. If we change that benchmark, then I think it’s feasible.”
Matsuoka sees great potential for AI in caregiving, too. She cites her parents, who are both aging and in declining health. As an only child, she wants to help care for them, but also respect their privacy and independence. She says both she and her parents would like electronic devices that would make sure they are OK every day. When they’re not, with their consent, she would be able to receive some of the data to make sure she’s alerted if they’d fallen, and could call for a caregiver. She says she’d like to build a world where sensors and people could work together to predict and prevent bad things from occurring. For example, sensors could show that one of her parents is moving differently, or that something in the house is broken and could be a tripping hazard.
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Of course, there’s still a lot of distrust for AI. Lee says much of the distrust comes from how we’re seeing it misused, especially by social media companies, and those misgivings are justified. He thinks social media companies could dispel this mistrust by altering their systems to weight factors such as truthfulness and long-term value as heavily as goals like maximizing page views or revenue. In that system, the AI could be taught to maximize his happiness or his learning over a longer period, rather than just keeping him on a site for the longest time. It could find ways to keep him engaged while presenting content that is good for him and aligned with his personal objectives. Lee says he would be willing to pay more money for that, similar to how we pay for Netflix.
“I think, ultimately, you can think all you want about punishing internet companies, fining them, breaking up these companies, but these don’t solve the fundamental problem, which is that the business metric that is told to the AI to optimize is fundamentally misaligned with our long-term interest,” he says. “So, making those aligned will make those strict regulations unnecessary.”
As for Matsuoka, she favors delegating some tasks and research to AI, but wants people involved. That’s why Yohana is built around people working as your remote assistant, but those people are assisted by AI to do their jobs better and faster, and ultimately the end-user still gets to say yes or no.
“I actually really believe in human-in-the-loop AI right now,” Matsuoka said. “And I think that AI should assist people to make decisions, AI should be there to help, but not to do things at this time. So that’s why our AI is utilized in a way in the background, our assistants are still there.”
Looking ahead, Matsuoka sees AI and robotics working together to help people with everyday chores like washing dishes and folding laundry. “Those task-specific things are just getting better to the point where it’s helping people further and further,” she says. “AI and humans will continue to work together, and will need to work together to provide help.”
But there are hard limits to what she’s willing to let AI take on. At home, she’s the mom and the caregiver, and she isn’t comfortable outsourcing that. “I want to be the one to make decisions,” Matsuoka says. “So, I think that’s the way I would like to see AI plug in. I would love suggestions, I would love recommendations, I would love it to help me become a better person, but ultimately I want to be a gatekeeper.”
Watch the RE:WIRED conference on WIRED.com.
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